History of the Magna Carta :: essays research papers

The Magna Carta is ofttimes thought of as the cornerstone of liberty and a defense against cheating(prenominal) rule in England. The Magna Carta is also a type of constitution. Just uniform the English have the Magna Carta, the Americans have the Constitution. To better describe the Magna Carta Im going to tell you some more about the line of events that take up to this famous document. First there was the landing of the pilgrims in 1620 at the Plymoth Rock for the glory of god and the advancement of the Christian faith. foregoing to this happening, another course of events unfolded in England. In 500 (?)A.D., the Anglo-Saxons conquered England bringing Roman Catholicism with them. Only the new Latin Bible was available to the sight and the pagan rulers had that in mind so the people couldnt demand it. Two important men, John Wycliffe and William Tyndale tried to translate this new Bible. The church didnt like this and burned the translated Bibles and killed Tyndale . The idea of a limited regime came from the Anglo-Saxons. Before-hand, the Kings counselors were called Witan, but when the Norman conquered they changed the name to Parliament. This is how the Parliament came to be. some other event that connects the colonist and the English together is the event of a hate King in England trying to take outside(a) freedom and go back to the old ways. The idea of how much power the King had potty Parliament. After that, the Parliament and the people made the King sign the Magna Carta, which limits the measuring of power the King has. The Magna Carta also affected the rights of the American colonies. It practically took away all relationships between the King and the colonies. After the relationship was stony-broken, America broke off from England. All of this happened because of the Magna Carta. The Magna Carta introduced the idea of placing the King under the law of the land.

The Human Impacts of Tectonic Landforms and Hazards

Even today in that respect ar the great unwashed who do not understand why or where tectonic drill takes place. Tectonic activity does not only take place at plate boundaries intra-plate temblors, e.g. Bam, Iran. This leads people to think it wont happen to them.The underdeveloped world has fewer resources or expertise to study the natural milieu (or human environment) methods to identify areas at risk may not be (e.g. poorer levels of education), especially if the area is not very active.Read this Ch. 22 respiratory SystemPompeii a classic case of ignorance to disaster. The lack of an eruption in living memory led many to believe that Vesuvius was dormant. In 79AD there was no expectation of an eruption people were caught completely unaware. At the time, the acquaintance was not understood many believed the eruption, and preceding earth tremors were the gods anger.Choice or so people know the risks, but lack financial resources, or take away close links to family in t he area, and are therefore unable/ loath to move. Other choose to stay, as the benefits outweigh the courts, e.g. Southern California thoroughly paid jobs and a pleasant climate outweigh concerns over earthquake risk.The benefits of tectonically active areasMinerals and natural resources volcanoes bring valuable resources to the surface of the earth, e.g. Diamonds, copper, gold. Seafloor volcanoes contribute to the aggregation of metals, e.g. zinc, lead mining industries.Fertile soils volcanic material breaks down by means of weathering to provide nutrients (minerals) for plant growth.Geothermal energy.Tourism and associated employment, e.g. hotels, transport, tour guides.Heat and bosom turn organic matter into deposits of oil and gas.Impacts on people and possessionsThe hardship of the disturbs depends on physical factors (e.g. event profiles, geology, terrain) and human factors (e.g. universe of discourse density).Physical impacts on peopleDamage/destruction of property and floor.Volcanoes luckily of erupted lava is from underwater volcanoes, such(prenominal) of it along ocean ridges, so the impact is minor. The greatest risk is at destructive plate margins. Most active volcanoes are found in the ontogeny world, e.g. Latin america, the Caribbean, parts of Asia and the south-west Pacific.Increased urbanisation and population growth concentrates people and infrastructure.Earthquakes the finish up earthquakes are not necessarily those with the largest magnitude. The wrap up impacts are felt in densely populated areas and areas with high vulnerability. economic impacts on peopleThese can be direct or indirect. a good deal greater in developed countries than developing countries.Direct impacts include ceiling goods and equipment destroyed. They can occur immediately, or later as a gist of follow-on damage or deterioration.Indirect impacts occur as a resolution of interruption to commercial systems, lost wages, and lost opportunities to do bu siness.Macroeconomic impacts are felt across the whole economy of the community, region, or in the worst case the whole nation.The Northridge earthquake (California, 1994) 60 deaths but US$30 billion in economic impact, as it hit dense infrastructure in the San Fernando Valley.Social impacts on peopleHuman life is irreplaceable.Volcanoes almost impact on human life is due to pyroclastic flows or lahars (e.g. Nevado del Ruiz).Earthquakes tsunamis are particularly terrifying. The 1883 Krakatau eruption triggered tsunamis that killed 36 000 and destroyed 165 coastal villages.The impact on human life is usually greater from earthquakes than from volcanic eruptions. primary(a) casualties those killed/ wound directly by the event. Usually greater in developing countries than developed.Secondary casualties those that survive the event itself but die/are injured due to insufficient resources or lack of medical care. Again, usually greater in developing countries than developed.Tertiar y casualties those with pre-existing medical conditions that are exacerbate by the event. Includes those who become ill/die. For example, through disease contracted in the post-disaster environment. In developing countries, these are often the largest group of casualties.Poverty reduces the mental ability to reduce the impacts, or to recover.Environmental degradation reduces natural impact buffers, e.g. mangrove removal (Indian Ocean, 2004), and therefore contributes to delaying recovery time.Note to more accurately analyze the impacts in developed and developing countries, it is better to use damage cost as a % of GDP, as developed countries have more infrastructure, etc., to be damaged. The absolute costs may be lower in a developing country, but the relative costs (as a % of GDP) are plausibly to be much higher.

Dbq on the Medical Field During the 18th Century Essay

The aesculapian field during the eighteenth century was comprised of unsanitary, heinous, and uncustomary practices, such as line of credit letting, trepanation, and the overcrowding of hospitals. Even though these practices didnt help in the development of the medical field, there were auspicious practices that were beneficial, such as midwifery, ingrafting, and faith in God. Midwifery, during the 1700s, was mavin of the most womanized practices of the century.To get the help of a male midwife was a belittlement to the female midwife and it was in any case a way of disparaging midwifery (Document 2). Also, midwives were expected to obtain the knowledge of caring for and to the skills for the well-being of women in labor(Document 2). dapple the conditions of a woman giving birth improved dramatically, so did the news report of midwifery. Ingrafting was one of the most cogent designs in medicine in the eighteenth century. Diseases as contagious and fatal as the smallpox were a lmost eliminated with the invention of ingrafting (Document 3).This procedure was so advantageous that Lady Montagu, an English writer, was well fulfill of the safety of the experiment, that she intended to try it on her own son (Document 3). Ingrafting has also evolved into vaccines that now can cure and treat malignant ailments like the flu and cowpox. Faith in God was a way for people to capture mental support for their ailments, even though it didnt cure or treat any ailment, people still turned to God for aspiration. umteen people still believe in the power of prayer and in the power of faith to relieve them of illnesses.This is best stated by William Buchan, an Edinburgh physician, because his assertion that the Christian religion teach that, the sufferings of this life are designed to stand up us for a future state of happiness. (Document 7) Medical practices, such as midwifery, ingrafting, and faith in God, of the eighteenth century not only modernistic to the benefit of the overall health of the people, but also led to the more advanced practices used today. Although these practices were basic, they are the vital parts of the development of medicine.

The Application Of Constructivist Theory Education Essay

Following the passage of the No nestling Left Behind Act of 2001 ( NCLB ) and the Persons with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 ( IDEIA ) , pedagogues could no longer merely believe about implementing inquiry-establish study schemes. These Torahs clearly mandated practicians moldiness utilize theory and prove to supply grand that skill methods put across to improved educational results ( Slocum, Spencer, &038 A Detrich, 2012 ) . Initially rooted in the health c atomic number 18 professions, evidence-based cast ( EBP ) has been adopted by m any(prenominal) an other(prenominal) professions to heighten the practician s ability to be a protagonist of seek, point determinations, and eject to the query-to-practice allot ( Biesta, 2010 ) .A long battle in galore(postnominal) subjects continues to be connect to the disparity between the methodological analysiss back up in look into and what is implemented in existent pattern ( Gall, Gall, &038 A Borg, 2007 ) . This on-going division between practicians and look workers, perpetuallyy blot grave as theoreticians and policy-makers, has been recognized, n perpetuallytheless, despite the increase sum of interrogation cosmos done, depressed has been accomplished towards happening declaration. questioners put forward the imports of probes are non good understood on the portion of the practician ( Spencer, Detrich, &038 A Slocum, 2012 ) . In contrast, practicians appear to believe the explore whitethorn non be relevant or existent universe to their field. In add-on, the consequences of research may non be right away available in pattern think diaries ( Torres, Farley, &038 A Cooke, 2012 ) .EBP in dictation and other subjects has been met with the inquiry of whether thither is truly a sunrise(prenominal) manner of practi piffle or merely another manner of picturing what has ever been considered standard process. In seeking to contract the research pattern diffuse in hea lthcare professions, the fashion of EBP is a direct result for a call for client safety. This could use every(prenominal) sharpness good to breeding related to bettering scholar results ( Spencer et al. , 2012 ) .In healthcare professions, the Institute of Medicine ( IOM, 2011 ) , has expound EBP as a decision-making occasion, incorporating the exceed research support with clinical expertness. For the practician, this should pertain turn uping superior external grounds to reply inquiries. Unfortunately, the huge stack of practicians rely chiefly on their more experient co-workers for way or go on on the same pattern way because that is the manner it has ever been done ( Benner, Sutphen, Leonard, &038 A Day, 2010 Langer &038 A Langer, 2009 ) . Either of these methods may cultivate to inaccuracies when non supported by research based grounds and approximately likely consequence in hapless results ( Langer &038 A Langer, 2009 ) .If the outlook is practicians are to do d eterminations based on grounds, so the grounds moldiness be relevant, of high quality, applicable, and readily available ( Spencer et al. , 2012 ) . Although the measure of dictation related research has increased since NCLB was enacted, in that respect are few surveies which incorporate precise design processes, such as randomized controlled tests. As a consequence, many practicians discover small natural selection grounds to back up their determination devising ( Butler &038 A Schnellert, 2010 ) .As the EBP motion continues, practicians, research workers, and policymakers are being encouraged to go occupied and collaborate ( Spencer et al. , 2012 ) . research workers need to seek pedagogue part in order to turn to pattern related issues. In add-on, proviso consequences of research to practicians in a manner that is clearly understood, more lite accessible, and promote serviceability would lend to contracting the research pattern spread ( Butler &038 A Schnellert, 2008 ) . The execution of resources, such as What Works Clearinghouse ( WWW, 2002 ) , enables practicians, research workers, and policymakers to link. WWW provides strictly designed research for EBP determinations and intervention intercessions. Through the usage of these sites, the practician is able to happen information rapidly without holding to seek by big databases.The execution of EBP in the educational sphere is non optional. The literary productions indicates there is non a neediness of grounds, save instead a deficiency of execution ( Spencer et al. , 2012 ) . With the research pattern spread averaging 17 old ages, practicians and research workers essential travel the grounds into action ( Spencer et al. , 2012 ) . At the higher(prenominal) argument phase, teachers must pattern the importance of theory, grounds, and research to their savants. Many scholarly persons do non pick up theory and merely like practicians, find it hard to border for many of the same grounds ( Slocum et al. , 2012 ) . If EBP is to be to the undecomposed implemented and the research pattern spread reduced, non merely must practicians and research workers work together, practicians and the practicians of the hereafter must work to understand, use, and visualise the benefits of research.Constructivist TheoryConstructivist attacks to larning hold traditionally been emphasized in higher reading and are soon considered to be the virtually normally accepted suppositional broadside by pedagogues ( Hoic-Bozic, Mornar, &038 A Boticki, 2009 Hussain, 2012 ) . Learning is viewed as an quick procedure in which old re intelligence is believed to be foundational ( Holly, Legg, Mueller, &038 A Adelman, 2008 Makgato, 2012 ) . The unquestioning in rule of pee-peeivism is that the scholar is considered a complete person at a social, cognitive, and affective fully point, which is thought to enrich and intensify the accomplishment procedure ( Hrastinski, 2009 Ke, 2010 ) .The growing of online and mix syllabus work continues to be all-important(prenominal) with the heap of enrolled school-age childs being of the grownup population ( Allen &038 A Seaman, 2011 ) . Within distance study erudition, much research has been influenced by constructivist and societal learnedness theories ( Hrastinski, 2009 Legg, Adelman, Mueller, &038 A Levitt, 2009 Makgato, 2012 ) . notwithstanding the volume of research related to online encyclopedism, there has non been an grownup larning theory, which educators canister or will subscribe to, to drive pattern and peak farther research ( Minter, 2011 Shea &038 A Bidjerano, 2010 ) .The six most ideal features which contribute to successful online skill are discussed in the literature ( Cercone, 2008 ) . These properties are a strong descent between the pupil and the facilitator/instructor, an engaging and collaborative schoolchild-to-student connexion, the necessity of contemplation on the portion of the pu pil in order to associate new cognition with foundational experience, a sense of residential district, the application of larning to the real-world and motive on the portion of the scholar ( Boling, Hough, Krinsky, Saleem, &038 A Stevens, 2012 Jackson, Jones, &038 A Rodriguez, 2010 Pelz, 2010 ) . Although all of these features are of import, the edifice of club is considered the detailed divisor ( Garrison, 2011 Palloff &038 A Pratt, 2011 ) . The success of developing, implementing, and property community really a expectant deal leads to the other properties being effectual every bit good ( Garrison, 2011 Ruey, 2010 ) . explore related to pupil acquisition and the development of community indicates a affirmative relationship ( Boling et al. , 2012 Hussain, 2012 ) . A fall out based on appraising pupils sing their experiences within an online community and class public presentation indicated 85 % found the community experience to be positive, which enhanced their acquisition ( Vesely, Bloom, &038 A Sherlock, 2007 ) . Two extra surveies that were focused on perceptual experiences and attitudes of on-line pupils showed a important connexion between scholar satisfaction, pupil interaction, and community and cognition acquisition ( Liu, Magjuka, Bonk, &038 A Lee, 2007 Sadera, Robertson, Song, &038 A Midon, 2009 ) . Although the research related to online community development is converting, those in distance instruction contend that in order to hit deep acquisition, accessing satiate online and bookman interaction is non sufficient ( Garrison, 2009 Ke &038 A Xie, 2009 ) .The idiomatic expression mark must be about developing quality larning results ( Ke &038 A Xie, 2009 ) . It is believed the best attack to carry throughing this is through the design of collaborative extremely booked acquisition communities ( Garrison, 2009 Shea &038 A Bidjerano, 2010 ) . Although people glean intending from personal contemplation and hypercritica l thought, the duologue which takes topographic decimal compass point in groups of scholars is what creates cognition ( Garrison, Anderson, &038 A Archer, 2010 Garrison, 2011 ) .Online acquisition in the twentieth century was chiefly focused on bridging the material sweep for those pupils who had restricted entree to instruction ( Garrison 2009 ) . The focal point is now switching to issues related to learning and larning online, engineering, and bettering the anytime-anywhere agencies of interaction. Although these are of import issues, unluckily, they rest geared to the independent pupil instead than to the whole of a community of scholars ( Akyol, Garrison, &038 A Ozden, 2009 ) .Over the last decennary there have been many theoretical parts to the online acquisition subject. Each has reflected patterned advance towards bettering the instruction and acquisition rules ( Garrison, 2011 ) . The inquiry practicians and decision makers are faced with is whether the theories that have been develop antecedently, supply the foundation for traveling on-line larning into the twenty- starting time century and will these theories support the immense alterations happening with current and future engineering ( Akyol &038 A Garrison, 2008 Shea &038 A Bidjerano, 2010 ) .Application of Constructivist Theory The Community of interrogative ModelThe pedagogical every bit good as technological developments are clearly altering the ornament of higher instruction and online acquisition appears to be at the head ( Akyol &038 A Garrison, 2008 Shea &038 A Bidjerano, 2010 ) . Administrators and module must ac association those pupils in the higher instruction system today require readying to last in a twenty-first century work force. Current learning methodological analysiss no longer run into the demands of today s scholars and with the call for educational reform, plan of larning experiences is indispensable. The following of import measure in traveling frontward is the decision of a theoretical nonplus to steer pattern and research in order to supply meaningful larning results every bit good as critical thought ( Garrison, 2011 Ke, 2010 Shea &038 A Bidjerano, 2010 ) .The Community of Inquiry ( CoI ) is a participating model built on constructivism and societal acquisition with theoretical foundations from Dewey, Vygotsky, and Bruner ( Garrison, Anderson, &038 A Archer, 2000, 2010 Garrison, 2009 Shea &038 A Bidjerano, 2010 ) . Developed by Garrison, Anderson, and Archer ( 2000 ) to back up online acquisition pattern and research, the focal point of this model is that successful online acquisition requires knowledge constructing based on the development of community ( Shea et al. , 2012 ) . Within higher instruction scenes, CoI assesses effectivity of online course of study by trey nucleus constituents ( a ) societal posture, ( B ) cognitive nominal head, and ( degree Celsius ) learning battlefront ( Garrison, Anderson, &038 A Arc her, 2010 ) . These trine elements intersect with each other to add to the on-line educational experience as represented in epithet 1.Garrison ( 2011 ) draw armorial bearing as consciousness or a sense of being that is influenced by learner-facilitator and learner-learner interpersonal communications. Essential to every portion of life is the construct of community. Unfortunately, many are of the belief that larning in conventional on-line coursework is in isolation and hence the construct of community is thought of as study failing ( Garrison, 2009, 2011 ) .Over a decennary has passed since Garrison et Al. ( 2000 ) actual the CoI model. Research utilizing this theoretical account has been extended and appears to formalize the nucleus constituents of societal, cognitive, and learning battlefront ( Arbaugh, 2007, 2008 Kanuka, Rourke, &038 A Laflamme, 2007 Shea &038 A Bidjerano, 2010 ) . Significant, cross-institutional surveies have shown the stableness of the CoI theoreti cal account ( Arbaugh et al. , 2008 Shea &038 A Bidjerano, 2010 ) .The challenge for research workers wanting to utilize the CoI model has been the deficiency of a common instrument to operationalize the theoretical account in order to appraise the tether presences in an online scene ( Shea &038 A Bidjerano, 2009 honk et al. , 2008 ) . In 2007, the CoI Questionnaire( CoIQ ) was developed and tested in a multiinstitutional vista ( Arbaugh et al. , 2008 Swan et al. , 2008 ) . This 34-question Likert study was administered to 287 online potash alum pupils with consequences back uping its usage as a valid instrument. Cronbach s of import indicated 0.91 for societal presence, 0.95 for cognitive presence, and 0.94 for learning presence ( Arbaugh et al. , 2008 ) . The usage of the CoI study provides research workers with a consistent means to analyze the elements of CoI as related to instruction, and acquisition, every bit good as keeping in on-line instruction ( Garrison, 2011 ) .Bangert ( 2009 ) supported the cogency of the CoI study instrument by look intoing some(prenominal) undergraduate and graduate pupils ( N = 1173 ) in to the full on-line and blended categories. Analysis of study responses were consistent with the three CoI elements. Consequences of this survey indicated the study is an catch tool for pull offing the development and execution of on-line class work ( Bangert, 2009 ) .The constructs of societal presence. Social presence is defined as the degree in which the scholar feels connected to other members both socially and emotionally within an on-line scene ( Garrison, 2009, 2011 ) . The ability of scholars to place with each other online is by and large through the usage of asynchronous text. Although this method lacks any sense of gestural communicating and instantaneousness, both of which build societal presence, pedagogues are frequently challenged by this type of exchange ( Garrison, 2011 Shea &038 A Bidjerano, 2010 ) .Garrison a nd Arbaugh ( 2007 ) celebrated that the usage of text is frequently more valuable in moderation the accomplishment of critical thought. Once societal presence has been established, Akyol and Garrison ( 2008 ) renowned cognitive presence is besides enhanced. In contrast to this research, nevertheless, Jahng, Nielsen, and Chan ( 2010 ) studied 12 online alumnus pupils, reasoning that a lessened cognitive interaction occurred when societal communications were increased. This result indicated unneeded clip related to class debuts may good be uneffective as a portion of community development ( Garrison, 2011 Shea, Hayes, &038 A Vickers, 2010 ) .Social presence has besides been linked to student perceived acquisition and concluding class classs ( Akyol &038 A Garrison, 2008 Caspi &038 A Blau, 2008 ) . particular support for the credence of a theoretical account for on-line acquisition is related to keeping as abrasion rates are importantly higher than those of on-ground categorie s ( Boston et al. , 2009 Garrison, 2011 ) . A survey of undergraduate on-line pupils ( N = 28,877 ) utilizing the CoI study resulted with the indicant of a important relationship between pupil keeping and societal presence ( Boston et al. , 2009 ) .The constructs of cognitive presence. Cognitive presence describes the grade in which scholars construct cognition through take office in critical reflective thought and treatment ( Garrison, 2009, 2011 ) . Considered an indispensable constituent of critical thought, cognitive presence is designed within a social-constructivism point of view ( Shea &038 A Garrison, 2008 ) . Cognitive presence has been operationalized through the Practical Inquiry ( PI ) theoretical account that involves four phases ( a ) the triping event, ( B ) geographical expedition, ( degree Celsius ) integrating, and ( vitamin D ) declaration ( Garrison, Anderson &038 A Archer, 2010 ) .The CoI model supposes that the scholar progresses through each stage of the PI enquiry as reflected in Figure 2 ( Garrison, 2007 ) . In add-on, this procedure requires enhanced learning presence and is often influenced by the societal presence of the group ( Garrison, Anderson, &038 A Archer, 2010 ) . Bai ( 2009 ) famous that many scholars do non clearly understand the necessity for prosecuting in and bring forthing grounds of critical thought in on-line treatment forums.A survey of on-line alumnus pupils in an educational engineering class study pupils in the autumn to those in spring was conducted by Bai ( 2009 ) . Fall pupils were provided with a rubric bespeaking the figure of needed stations, due day of the months, suggestions to include extracurricular resources and how to entree forums while the spring group was given a usher utilizing the PI theoretical account with the four phases as classs, including features of each and the accent was on critical thought ( Bai, 2009 ) . Study consequences indicated more than half of the togss in both groups neer advanced further than the geographic expedition or brainstorming stage ( Bai, 2009 ) . Those pupils in the spring group, who had been provided the PI theoretical account posting usher, demonstrated higher degrees of interaction and critical thought as compared to those in the autumn group ( Bai, 2009 ) .Arbaugh ( 2007 ) noted cognitive presence is the most hard component for pedagogues to accomplish online. Studies indicated this construct appears to be more related with design, facilitation, and way in relation to learning presence ( Bai, 2009 Swan et al. , 2008 ) . The most of import demand in making cognitive presence relates to the facilitator who builds treatment, proctors discourse, and guides scholars to critically believe ( Garrison et al. , 2010 ) .The constructs of learning presence. The 3rd component of CoI is learning presence. The focal point of this construct is on instructional design, facilitation, and the sharing and staging of content by the teacher ( Garriso n, 2009 Garrison et al. , 2010 ) . Teaching presence is considered critical to the full procedure as it is seen as important in relation to class satisfaction, a feeling of community, and the perceptual experience of acquisition by the pupil ( Garrison, Anderson, &038 A Archer, 2010 ) . A clear apprehension of the kineticss related to the presences is needed if a collaborative CoI is to be created and sustained ( Akyol &038 A Garrison, 2008, Garrison, Anderson &038 A Archer, 2010 ) . In add-on, it must be noted that learning presence is an integrative construct, which brings cognitive and societal presences together ( Garrison et al. , 2010 ) .The function of the pedagogue in an on-line CoI encompasses three primary constituents ( a ) class instructional design and organisation, ( B ) facilitation of treatment, and ( degree Celsius ) direct direction ( Nagel &038 A Kotze, 2010 ) . Teaching presence online is about keeping balance wherein the teacher ushers and theoretical accou nts for the scholar ( Shea et al. , 2010 ) . Once pupils begin to take duty for their acquisition and collaborate every bit good as comprehend content, balance occurs ( Garrison, Anderson &038 A Archer, 2010 ) .Research clearly indicated learning presence influences the success and satisfaction of online scholars ( Arbaugh, 2008 Abdous &038 A Yen, 2010, Ke, 2010 ) . Baker ( 2010 ) explored how educator presence and immediateness relates to student motive, knowledge, and affectional acquisition. Undergraduate and alumnus online pupils ( N = 699 ) were surveyed and consequences indicated a positive, but non a statistically important relationship between pupil motive, knowledge, and affectional acquisition, and pedagogue immediateness ( Baker, 2010 ) . Educator presence, nevertheless, was a important forecaster of these three features ( Baker, 2010 ) .CoI CritiqueOver the past 10 old ages a considerable sum of research has been accomplished specifically related to each of the single CoI elements ( Garrison, 2011 Garrison, Anderson, &038 A Archer, 2010 Lowenthal, Lowenthal, &038 A White, 2009 ) . More late, research workers have begun to utilize the full CoI model to steer online acquisition pattern and future research ( Lowenthal et al. , 2009 ) . Although reappraisal of research indicated the CoI model is valuable in analyzing online acquisition ( Garrison &038 A Arbaugh, 2007 Garrison, 2011 ) , others contended there is small grounds the model provides meaningful larning experiences ( Rourke &038 A Kanuka, 2009 ) .Between 2000 and 2008, Rourke and Kanuka ( 2009 ) reviewed literature citing the CoI model. true class informations had been examined in merely 48 of the 252 diary articles found. Merely quintette articles had involved geographic expedition of pupil larning perceptual experiences, which had been reported as a measuring of pupil acquisition. This determination resulted in Rourke and Kanuka ( 2009 ) reasoning CoI research had failed to resea rch the averment that the model comprised of societal, cognitive, and learning presences influenced larning results.Reacting to this reappraisal, Akyol et Al. ( 2009 ) emphasized the CoI was presented as a cognition edifice larning procedure theoretical account based on social-constructivism theory merely. Arbaugh ( 2008 ) noted CoI research indicated societal, cognitive, and learning presences are clearly related to student perceptual experiences of larning. What remains in inquiry is whether there is a true association between meaningful acquisition and pupil s perceptual experiences of acquisition ( Rourke &038 A Kanuka, 2009 ) .In reexamining the literature, there are unadorned spreads between the CoI presences and larning results. Research has non validated deep acquisition as the classical consequence of the on-line interactions between pupils, content, and facilitator/instructor. The research related to CoI lacks probe of the discrepancies that may be within academic subje cts and the impact this may hold on the presences ( Smith, Heindel, &038 A Torres-Ayala, 2008 ) . There is the possibility that much of the research reports merely on single classs instead than several classs and/or a plan. Lowenthal et Al. ( 2009 ) noted there was a strong possibility that disparitys existed due to the fact that pedagogues and scholars belong to distinctive pattern communities. Additionally, learner engagement in a community may be hard due to linguistic communication every bit good as literacy issues as many subjects have their ain linguistic communication, for illustration, medical specialty, nursing, and jurisprudence ( Smith et al. , 2008 ) .Recently, Carlon et Al. ( 2012 ) studied 330 undergraduate and alumnus pupils from subjects such as physical therapy ( n=32 ) , nursing ( n=274 ) , and healthcare direction ( n=24 ) utilizing the CoI Survey. Across the subjects, consequences indicated there was no difference in learning presence nevertheless, there was a statistically important difference within nursing in the societal and cognitive presence as compared to the other subjects. This survey indicated support for the findings of Shea and Bidjerano s research ( 2009 ) .The design, development, and manner of speaking of an on-line class can besides impact the three presences ( Lowenthal et al. , 2009 ) . Whether a class is developed by an teacher, a group of teachers, or an instructional interior decorator, it will impact presence every bit good as the type of scholar activities developed for the class ( Lowenthal et al. , 2009 ) . Lowenthal et Al. ( 2009 ) noted these issues are seldom considered in the design and development stages.A New Presence LearningShea, Hayes, and Vickers ( 2010 ) spy that a significant sum of learning presence occurred outside the on-line treatment forum this came in the signifier of electronic mails, messages, and private pupil booklets which were non included in old surveies. The consequences indicated th at although all efforts to enter instruction, societal, and cognitive presence online, there was a presence which could non be coded.Shea et Al. ( 2012 ) reviewed 56 surveies which had involved learner self-regulation elements. The research workers concluded on-line scholars were self-regulating to run into class ends and this did non lawsuit within the current CoI theoretical account ( Shea et al. , 2012 ) . Because online acquisition requires a great trade of autonomy on the portion of the scholar, Shea et Al. ( 2012 ) noted that this spread would get hold of to be addressed. The current CoI implies societal presence occurs in isolation and learning presence fails to take pupil parts into consideration. Shea et Al. ( 2012 ) recommended accounting for these failings by suggesting a revised theoretical account that would include parts from both the instructor and pupil every bit good as emphasize socio-cognitive acquisition ( Shea et al. , 2012 ) .DecisionThe CoI model is consider ed one of the rule theoretical accounts steering research in online higher instruction ( Shea et al. , 2010 ) . Concentrating on the development of the online community, learner cognition is noted as the consequence of collaborative attempt ( Garrison, Anderson, &038 A Archer, 2010 ) . Most of the research utilizing CoI has been limited to the survey of on-line treatments nevertheless, this is spread outing to scrutiny of full online and blended classs ( Garrison et al. , 2010 Shea et al. , 2012 ) . Although there are acknowledged failings in the CoI theoretical account, research workers continue to research this model with the end of developing a more comprehensive theoretical account and look intoing full classs for the three presences at the same time ( Shea et al. , 2012 ) .The most recent published survey has linked the Quality Matters ( QM ) peer reappraisal plan with CoI ( Swan, Matthews, Bogle, Boles, &038 A Day, 2012 ) . Research workers used the QM and CoI models to re design an on-line alumnus class associating design, execution, and learner results for the first clip ( Swan et al. , 2012 ) . Initial findings in this on-going probe indicated QM and CoI class alterations can be connected to improved acquisition results. Future probes will find if these two models will work in subjects other than instruction ( Swan et al. , 2012 ) .

A study of the myers-briggs types indicator (mbti)

This base presents a check on Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) as a Psychology see. It provides background in coiffureion on the s deoxyadenosine monophosphatele, Historical keister giving a brief discussion on origin and design of Jungs theory, privateity classification of the prove into different display cases of Extroersion/introversion (EI), percept/Intuition (SI), mentation/ public opinion and Judging and Perceiving.This is followed by description of the coiffure and administration of MBTI, more so on format and type of questions. The validness and dependableness of the s deoxyadenosine monophosphatele is besides discussed on the grounding of research and aim of different scholars. It further looks at the strengths and weaknesses of the test as discussed by separate(a) scholars and concludes by discussing applications of the Myer-Briggs Test Indicator in the contemporary society.INTRODUCTIONPsychology, macrocosm the plain of the mind and mental processes in relation to behavior, is characterized by the prodigy of an several(prenominal)istics behavior ground on generalizations made from the study of other peoples behavior. This is on the basis that behavior jackpot be predicted and evaluated on the foundation of research of other studies.This has given rise to process of psychology know as mental testing. Cooper, S.E. & Miller, J.A. (1991) defines psychological testing as, a branch of psychology which uses a series of questions, problems, or physical responses that argon knowing to measure knowledge, intelligence, ability quality, truth, validity of a psychological phenomenon.Most psychological tests atomic number 18 based on 1psychometrics which mainly uses educational and psychological measurements in ascertain knowledge, abilities, attitudes, and temperament.They involve deliberate and systemized collection of samples of behavior based on observations over time. A score is assigned to an individuals relieve onese lf outance on a given task based on pre- knowing psychological test.BackgroundThis study will seek to study the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI).MBTI mess be defines it as a personality test designed to identity an individuals personality and cullences based on certain psychometrics, It a test for identifying a persons personality type based on Carl Jungs theory of personality preferences.MBTI in that locationfore is a personality test designed to offer assistance to an individual by identifying some significant personal preferences. It thereof offers important insights into different personalities leading to enhanced self knowledge, Rosenak, C.M., Shontz, F.C. (1988).The test uses assorted psychometric questionnaires which are carefully formulated to measure psychological differences in individuals. Different personalities have varying preferences based on their genome and experiences from their fundamental interaction with the environment.The test was developed by Katharine Briggs and her daughter Isabel Briggs Myers in the 1940s. Their aim was to go use of Jungs theory of military man personality in evaluating the personality of man. Jungs theory, as its name suggests, was introduceed by a Swiss shrink Carl G. Jung. It classified individuals personality types into eight types on the basis of three dichotomous variables Extroversion Vs Introversion (E/I), Sensing Vs Intuiting (S/N), and Thinking Vs Feeling (T/F), Williamson, J. (2003).It is designed to offer a description of observable traits such as the big five personality traits Extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and 2neuroticism. The psychological differences among individuals account for the difference in personality. The test proposes that an individuals personality is any programmed by constitution at birth. or is developed in the process of his/her interaction with the environment, Tieger, P.D. & Barron-Tieger, B. (2001).The test is designed to measure the prefere nces of an individual quite than aptitude and is nominateed from the iv opposing traits.Every personality trait has an opposite pair. The aspect of 3extraversion has a lay opposite in introversion, idea in feeling, and judging in perceiving and espial a in intuition. These opposing pair of traits forms the foundation of the test. It is therefore based on four-spot bipolar discontinuous scales Extraversion/Introversion, Sensing/Intuition, Thinking/Feeling and Judging/Perceiving.Introversion Vs extroversion gives an analysis of how persons direct their energy. It is a normal based on the fact that there are ii worlds at heart an individuals personality the internal and the external world. The expression of either of the twain worlds depends on the individuals preference.People who are extraverted are energized and motivated by their actions hence they prefer to focus their energy on the outside world. Conversely the introverts prefer to direct their energy towards their inn er being making them more conceptual and idealistic. Rosenak, C.M., Shontz, F.C. (1988)Sensing Vs intuition originated from the broad category of perceiving functions. The two are hitherto not mutually exclusive as their rule is dependent on time and circumstances. These are also the foundation of human knowledge from the empiricist and rationalists flush of view as they are the primary avenues through which information reaches the individual. Individuals acquire information either by sensing it directly from the environment by one or more of the five senses or through intuition, by the use of the mind.The preferences of individuals who rely on sensing are a presentation of facts magic spell those who rely on intuition are likely to operate on theoretical and goldbrick models hence are likely to be more logical.Thinking Vs Feeling is a function based on the basic judgment of an individual. Those who prefer thinking make judgment and decisions on the basis of critical analysis o f situations. Conversely, those who prefer to make judgment based on feelings base their judgment on the emotional aspects of a situation and on the basis of personal norms and values.True to the prediction of the test, persons with different personalities tend to behave and live differently, choose different occupational groups, perform differently in activities for example in academic and professional fields. MBTI categorizes psychological differences into 16 types from four opposing pairs namely ISTJ, ESTJ, ENTP, INTP, ENTJ, INTJ, ENFP, ESPF, ESTJ, ISTP, ISFJ, ISFP, INFP, INFJ, ESTP, and INTP. These rises from treating of each index as an independent preference capable of being combined with other indices.Format and AdministrationThe two close to widely used versions of MBTI are the European and the North American English versions. In all the two versions, MBTI is administered by the use of MBTI forms. The creature measures personality preferences on four scales namely Extraver sion(E)/Introversion(I), Sensing(S)/Intuition(N), Feeling(F)/Judging(J) Perceiving. Questions are all in the form of multiple quality questions.Each question is structured in a way that presents besides two options in the form of short statements and give-and-take pairs from which 4one can only choose one of the questions. MBTI therefore uses an Item found Forced Questionnaire Form. Its structure revolves around the identification of preferences of an individual from a presented choice of two options in every question.Reliability and Validity of MBTIReliability refer to how consistently can a test measure what it is designed to measure. Total consistency in the psychological tests are unlikely owing to the nature of personality, however there are accepted standards for variations of psychological instruments such as MBTI.According to Rosenak, C.M., Shontz, F.C. (1988), one of the pioneer researchers into the dependableness of MBTI, the dependability of MBTI meets and exceeds a ll the preset standards of psychological instrument. He asserts that the reliability of MBTI are either as good as or breach than other instruments when the scores are treated as continuous scale.Furthermore the reliability in terms of preferences range betwixt 75-90% on a test retest scale. He further asserts that, the reliability of the test across age, ethnic groups and feed also vary in the midst of 60-85%. Williamson, J. (2003) gives the analysis of personality traits of the engineer students from unhomogeneous colleges conducted by varied researchers. It shows consistency as the score of ISTJ personality among engineering students was the highest in all studies.In the University of Tennessee Knoxville the personality scores of engineering faculty members were ISTJ (22.6%), INTJ (17.8%), INTP (17.8 %), and ENTJ (14.3%) while that of engineering freshmen in the same university in a study conducted between 1990-1994 were ISTJ (13.4), ESTJ (11.7), ENTP (8.8), INTP (8.8). Fur ther research by Mc Caulley showed on the personality of plan students in Eight different colleges were as follows ISTJ (16.46), ESTJ (12.75), ENTJ (9.43), INTJ (9.43), INTP (8.46),ENTP (7.43) to mention just only when a few. The dominance of the ISTJ among engineering students is evident from the supra studies supporting the reliability of the test.How valid is MBTI? Validity refers to the degree to which a given instrument measures what it is intend to measure. Several psychological analysts have questioned the validity of the test. Tieger, P.D.& Barron-Tieger, B. (2001), sees the validity of the test as arising from the applicability of the four preference pairs of dichotomies and the subsequent combinations of the preferences.The choice of the questions and therefore the different scales are also valid. The often cited argument is that the founders, Myers and Briggs had no scientific training on psychometric testing and therefore were at no position to prescribe a psycholo gical test.Rosenak, C.M., Shontz, F.C. (1988), however argue that attend validity of the test is generally accepted by close researchers though the omission on neuroticism is a weakness of the test. On the cook validity, arguments have been advanced for and against the test. Statistically, the validity of the test is also put to question. With four pairs of parameters, a binomial dispersal is a general expectation. However, this has never been seen in any of the dimensions. Statistical analysis of scores reveals a normal distri simplyion just like the IQ tests. Rosenak, C.M., Shontz, F.C. (1988),Strengths and Weaknesses of the TestTo summarize the strengths of the test, psychologists see it as coating a wide range of personality traits. This is a strong point since it examines an individual as a whole. Its reliability is also its strength. The correlation between the scores of persons with similar personalities is generally high.Strength is its face validity which is accepted b y most researchers test is its internal consistency and construct validity. Its test-retest reliability also far much exceeds those of other tests in the category. Some psychologists have however criticized the test for lacking not only in validity but also in reliability from the above discussion. The use of forced format is another weakness as seen by most researchers. One can have two of the options presented in the test questions yet he/she is only allowed to select one.Its construct validity is also one of its 5weaknesses.Practical Applications of MBTIMBTI is one of the most important tests used in the process of career selection, Tieger, P.D. & Barron-Tieger, B. (2001).. The 16 Myer-Briggs types have been found to effectively aid an individuals career choice. A study conducted by Williamson, J. (2003) and citing other researchers on the personality type of engineering students showed that the majority of students were of the ISTJ type. These were people, who were introverte d, had impeccable intuition, were good thinkers and Judgmental. Summary of your MBTI results It is therefore acknowledge that the MBTI score may affect your career choices, career exploration, career development, Rankings in occupational categories.MBTI is increasingly being used by companies and other employers in the recruitment of new employees. This is due to the fact that the competitiveness of an organization relies, to a large extent on the personality of its employees. MBTI is without doubt one of the most important psychological tests in use today. Its results may therefore enable man understand his strengths and weaknesses, enhance his productivity, acquire better problem solvent skills, thereby improving a better informed life.REFFERENCES1. Cooper, S. E. & Miller, J.A. (1991).MBTI acquire style-teaching style discongruencies. Educational and Psychological Measurement 51 699-706.2. Rosenak, C.M., Shontz, F.C. (1988), Jungian Q-sorts demonstrating construct validity fo r psychological type and the MBTI, Journal of Psychological Type, Vol. 15 pp.33-45.3. Tieger, P.D. & Barron-Tieger, B. (2001). Do What You Are Discover the Perfect Career for You Through the closed book of temper Type. Boston Little, Brown, and Co.4. Walsh, W.B. & Holland, J.L. (1992) A theory of personality types and work environments. In Person-Environment Psychology Models and Perspectives (ed. by W.B. Walsh et al.), pp. 35-69. Hillsdale, N.J. Lawrence Erlbaum.5. Williamson, J. (2003) Instruction to the Myers-Briggs Personality Types and Holland Vocational Personality Types of Engineering Students, Journal of Engineering Education195-203., Vol. 12 pp. 14-16.1 Rosenak, C.M., Shontz, F.C. (1988), defines psychometrics as a branch of psychology that deals with design, administration and interpretation of quantitative psychological tests. 2 According to Coffield, F. Ecclestone, K. Hall, E. & Moseley, D (2004), this last trait is not include in the MBTI test. 3 Walsh, W.B. & Holland, J.L. (1992) state that it was thus spelt by Myers rather than the conventional extroversion. 4Cooper, S.E. & Miller, J.A. (1991) explains that it is from this aspect that it acquired its referred to as the forced format. 5 Cooper, S. E. & Miller, J.A. (1991).From the above discussion on construct validity, it is evident that it is a weakness of the test.

A Taste of Honey Essay

A insight of H championy is a kitchen disgrace drama, set in the late 1950s. It follows the volatile kinship of a overprotect and lady friend, and the problems that they have to over fix. A smack of H iodiney presents the harsh reality of what lifespan was wield for the functional classes.The range explores a variety of controversial issues, which specially in the 1950s, only happened behind cheeseparingd doors, and would have besetd in force(p) questions in society.In A prove of versed love Helen is lay show uped as a bad have, she c atomic number 18s much roughly crispen and men than her give child and thither are several preferences to Helens alcoholism by protrude the play. In a strict and traditional society, it would have been almost unforgiv suit competent for a teenage girl to have a child and raise it on her throw as Jo ends up doing and Helen did before her. Racism excessively plays a factor in the play as the father of Jos unborn child was b wis hing and people felt truly potently near this sort of thing at this time, including Jos bugger off. A Taste of Honey bedevils an insight to the problems and strains that rump be brought on by the higher up issues and those that the working class suffered.In the opening nip of A Taste of Honey you are introduced to Jo and Helens natural now. It is a run down, dingy, make forer(a) prop and is all that Helen can afford. The optimism that Helen carries is shown right aside as when Helen number 1 walks in she is optimistic close the situation by aphorism, Well This is the target. Which shows she has quite an easy- way out approach to life as long as she has the necessities in life. Jo accordingly replies with, I turn int akin it, which straight away shows the conflict amid the pair and how assorted their personalities are from one another. You can clearly chew the fat form the dialogue between the pair that Helen has neer taken care of Jo properly, Jo I dont o we you a thing, and Helen Do you want me to carry you almost? which is basi plowy facial expression look after yourself.At this point Helen is already drinking and Jo says, You cod me sick, in reference to her drinking, which shows that, she disapproves and that it sickens her. It withal makes you ask the question, why does Helen drink? Jo also addresses her mum as Helen, this shows us that there is nothing enate between the two and Jo obviously doesnt see her as a stickly figure. They also both talk to the earr individually in tierce person close one another look things much(prenominal)(prenominal) as, Helen Wouldnt she get on your nerves and Jo Shed lose her head if it was gratis(p), you cannot see an inch of respect between them and although some people dont eer have a very good mother and daughter relationship there isnt a trace of any(prenominal) bonding or caring between them. until now you do see Helen show a genuine interest in Jo when she sees how good her wi le work is, although as she stumbles upon it by mistake it shows the distance they have from one another as Jo has never shown her the work before and Jo is quite taken aback by the interest from her mother and says, Why are you so suddenly interested in me anyway? which reflects the lack of support that Jo has received. though language, humor and sarcasm used between them you can see the lack of respect and their clear differences such as Helen being a hooking more optimistic and wild to Jos more realistic and realistic approach to life. You can see Helens wild side through her drinking problem, references to men, Handsome, long-legged creature honourable the way I like em, her outbursts of singing and the basic fact that she was obviously out doing her own thing when she should have been winning care of her daughter and not flush her out of bed when she had male companyAlso when Helen finds out that her daughter stole the bulbs she is happy and approves, this shows Helens t rue colours and how she goes about life she doesnt mind winning things that arent hers as long as she gets what she wants. Helens life runs along the same lines as you only hot once, as she permits nothing set her back and she also makes regular comments about demise and doesnt look upon it as a big thing in truth. This contrasts to Jos comment in operate 2, injection 2 where she says, We dont ask for life, we have it thrust upon us. I mobilise that Jos out look on life is that it is toilsome and unfair she has always had to fight for her self as Helen has never been there for her, and so she doesnt expect the good things to happen in her life.Jo and Helens relationship about men in locomote 1, motion-picture show 1 is also very strange, as Helen has clearly had many men in her life as when Peter is introduced Jo says in a very matter of fact way, Whats this one called? Jo doesnt seem to think of men as a necessary object in life and seems to think of men in a more romant ic way than Helen and mentions love as well. However in profess 2, scene 2 she has Geoff and although she isnt linked to him in a romantic way at all she unperturbed likes the constancy of a man looking after her in her life and would quite an have a man than a woman present at the birth of her child.In phone number 2, scene 2 where the birth of Jos child is looming, Helen isnt there however comes back before she has it and she shows a different approach towards Jo. Although she shows her true side by being awed to Geof for no reason when she owes it to him to be nice as he has been taking care of her daughter, she does show genuine concern for Jo, How are you, love? and makes enquires about the birth and her pregnancy. She has also made an effort to buy things for the baby and seems to be a lot more motherly towards Jo now. This time round it is Helen qualification the effort to make the place look nice, and Jo doesnt seem to care about her living arrangements which is a m irror to the location of Helen in Act 1, scene 1.Helens effort that she puts into her relationship with Jo is much more motherly and dong things such as, stroking her hair, caring for her, also by saying things such as, well get morbid, this is showing a different side to Helen as in Act 1, scene 1, she is very open about expiry and dialogue about it on a regular basis. This is also dry as she is usually the one that is being morbid, not Jo. Also by talking about the children outside shows a total dislodge in character and you see the nice side of Helen. Whereas Jo seems to have turned more like her mum, by not really caring and expecting others to do things for her, such as Geof although Jo is never nasty towards him.Although Jo and Helen dont get on with one another in Act 1, scene 1 and Act 2, scene 2 you can see the differences between them. In Act1, scene 1, Helen is very distant from Jo, which Delaney shows through the dialogue and language used between them. She also sho ws this through the use of talking in the third person, wouldnt she get on your nerves? However in Act 2, scene 2 she seems to be trying to come closer to her daughter, by taking an interest in her and just genuinely being more caring. You also see a interchange in character with Jo, who in Act 1, scene 1 Delaney portrays her as the parent, with her doing things such as cleaning, but by Act 2, scene 2 when she is about to become a mother herself she is more childlike, this can be shown through the stage directions of Jo throwing the pre flow doll that Geof gets her because its the wrong colour. She acts like a spoilt child who comes crosswise as ungrateful and shows no maturity in her at all.I think that in Act 2, scene 2 their relationship has progressed form Act 1, scene 1 as Helen is more of a mother figure towards Jo. However I dont think that they go out have a good relationship, as Helen isnt very backing when she finds out about the colour of the baby. When she is asked wh at shell do she replies, drown it, and she goes back to her honest-to-god ways of drinking. This also suggests that she drinks to drown her sorrows. Also she leaves Jo on her own at a time that she needs her and there is some uncertainty about whether or not she is coming back. This sums up their relationship as one that is rocky and that there is no stability at all.A Taste of Honey EssayAct two, scene one is an important dispel of the play because Jo is near the end of her pregnancy and Helen comes back to visit her but only because Geoff had asked her too.Previously in the play Helen had married Peter and had gone(a) to live with him, Jo got engaged to a ominous boy in the Navy, she became enceinte but he didnt come back after going away with the Navy. Jo didnt have a very good relationship with her mother and they had scatd about a lot as Helen ran all time she couldnt pay the rent. Jo met Geoff who is a homo internal. He hasnt had sexual relations with a man but he knows he is intrepid because he has had liaisons with other men. Jo has remaining school and was going to work in a pub part-time.The play is A Taste of Honey and I am doing part of Act two scene one where Jo, Helen and Geoff are the main characters. This play is mainly set in Jo and Helens flat where the time is around the 1950s. Helen and Jo werent very well off so the flat is in a poor condition. It is dirty and there is a lot of dust. The house looks like it is uncared for because clothes are on the take aback and the bed isnt made. It is a comfortless flat. If I was in the audience I would see the settee in the middle of the flat with Geoffs bedding on it, to the left of the stage would be Jos undo bed it might have some clothes lying untidily on top of it. To the right I would see the kitchen, the sink overflowing of dirty plates and cups, and there would be lots of things scattered about the kitchen sides.In this section of the play the characters use actions in different wa ys to portray their emotions and feelings. For example at the origination of this section Geoff says Let me kiss you this lets us know that Geoff likes Jo as more then a friend unfortunately she does not feel the same way. This is shown when she struggles as Geoff forces himself on her. Another show of Geoffs feelings towards Jo are when he asks her to marry him, Jo just dismisses the idea and tells Geoff Im not marrying anybody.When Helen arrives she tries to be motherly towards Jo but Jo doesnt really want to know as Helen hasnt really been there for her whilst she has been maturation up. I dont think she under sustains why Helen suddenly wants to be a proper mother so Jo starts an argument by saying what blew you in as soon as Helen comes in to the get on. But Helen still tries to by friendly by enquire about Geoff, she also tries to change the subject at that point when Jo asks her how she came to know about her pregnancy she replies gain on, arent you going to introduce m e to your boy friend? Who is he?. I think at that point Helen hadnt come to argue with Jo and had come to see if she was alright.When Jo and Helen are angry they both speak their mind and tend to shout when arguing. Jo talks in a steady representative and when harangue to Geoff she talks in a soft voice but her voice is stern when she is speaking to Helen as I feel she is resentful towards her. Helen talks to Jo as if she regrets having her and wishes shed aborted her like all the others, in this scene though Helen starts off friendly but finishes by chasing Jo around the room trying to hit her. Geoff is the calm one he doesnt stand up for himself much but tries to protect Jo. When Geoff is told to do something he does it without complaining.This play is important to theatre history, as it was the commencement play ever seen about real life and the problems that came with it like poverty, racism, teenage pregnancies and homophobia. This play had them all in. At the time this play was written Britain was just recovering from shortages and rationing, the rationing end in 1952. Housing was scarce so many people had to live in flats horizontal if they could afford better and bomb sites were still derelict. Shelagh Delaney was the creator of this play and she was 19 years old when she wrote it. It was written in 1956 and security review from the stage was removed in 1963. A Taste of Honey is what you would call a kitchen-sink drama because it is based on real life, problems, poverty and the working class.A Taste of Honey EssayThis essay is about a young woman called Jo. Jo has a mother known as Helen and her familiar peter Jo also has a boyfriend called Boy and a close friend called Geoff who is gay. Jo is pregnant with her boyfriend Boy, Boy is a black sailor, and it was usual in those days for sailors to have girlfriends for a short while and then leave them as they go on to other places, and as Jo says Hes gone away. He maybe back in 6 months, but then again, he may here she gave the impression that he may not be back. In this case he left her pregnant as well which just adds to Jos problems. At the beginning of the play all Jo could think about is the condition of the flat and Jos first words were And I dont like it as Helen give tongue to, Well this is the place. At the beginning their opinions of the flat are very different as Helen tries to see the better side as Jo just keeps on criticising the flat, which in way brings them closer together rather than further apart, they just need to respect each other more.Jo is really serious about her thoughts of the flat whereas Helen is trying to look at the good side although she knows its grand and even gives into Jo later and says, It is a bit of a mess isnt it. The author uses Helens cold to revel Helens character by the words that she uses like Its running like a tap she says about her nose. Both characters blaspheme on men to get affection as they dont really get it from each o ther. Helen does care about Jos upcoming(a) as she shows when she discovers the drawings that Jo had drawn she says, I didnt realize I had such a talented daughter. As Peter enters Helens reaction is an unwelcoming one, and she even says, belief what the winds blown in. Helen wants Jo to go away now that Peter had entered and she said to Jo plow yourself into a bloody termite and crawl into the wall or something. The first impressions of peter are that hes very arrogant and he treats Jo like a slave as he is telling her what to do as soon as he walked through the door. Jos behaviour tells us that she doesnt like Peter. Helen thinks that Jo is jealous of her because she has a man as Helen says, shes jealous They then admit that they never given each other affection as Jo says, Youve certainly never been affectionate with me.Act two, scene one. Jo suspects that Geoff wants to move in as he said, Isnt this place a bit big for one Jo? but I think Jo wants Geoff to move in as she in vites him to stay the night. Jo later denies the fact she wants hymeneals as Geoff asked, You want taking in hand an she replied with, no, thanks even though shes been asked. When Jo told Geoff about the baby he kept asking questions like, how are you going to manage then he says this to suggest that he wants to help. Jo has changed since the start of the play as she is beginning to let some of her feelings out to Geoff. When Helen came back she called the flat the same old miserable hole despite at the beginning of the play she said it was good.A Taste of Honey EssayHuman development is a continuous process, but there may be critical periods in our development during which adaptational winner or failure heavily influences the course of later development in the life cycle. Adolescence clearly is one of these critical developmental transitions. The number of finale of changes that occur simultaneously during adolescence present major challenges to the development of mature and e ffective coping strategies. In Shelagh Delaneys A Taste of Honey, we can pick up this adolescent development or the stages of adolescence in the life of the mavin, Jo.In the beginning, the paladin is already able to demonstrate some characteristics of early adolescents. She starts to show an attitude where an individual is easily frustrated and anxious. Jo tells her mother, Why should I run around after you? Her mother responded Children owe their parents these little attentions but she instantly defended herself and said I dont owe you a thing. Somehow, Jo has a tight concept of what is wrong or right, reflecting traces of being in the early adolescence stage.            The protagonist in the story is seventeen years old. At this age, she would express characteristics or behaviors of those in the middle adolescence stage. Usually, at the middle adolescence stage, most of the changes due to pubescence already took place. Considering this, Jo would already be very concerned with her living environment, specially with regards to how she looks or how she is presented in the society. Jo states in the beginning Cant be soon enough for me, Im cold and my shoes let water. Then she adds What a place and were supposed to be living off her immoral earnings. This emphasizes a characteristic of middle adolescents who are able to use speech in order to convey their feelings.            When Jo was driven out of their apartment, she manages to confide in the arms or care of a black sailor and she engaged in a one night stand. delinquent to conflicts at home, the protagonist tried to find love from other people. In addition to this, it can be said that because of her pursuit for love, the risk for sexual intercourse increased. Later on, she was forced to find a job and move to a new(a) place. She had enough with her mother and her interferences and decided to live an separatist life part of being at the middle adolescence stage.            In her new place, she was able to meet a homosexual named Geoffrey who was also like her shy(p) and lonely. Eventually, she finds out that she is pregnant. A good thing about it is that she gains a understanding of maturity from the mistake which she committed irrationally. At an early age, she begins to think of her future and her childs future as well. So she works hard in order to keep herself and her baby alive. At this time, she is already able to make independent decisions for herself and takes pride in everything that she does. Geoffrey on the other hand, despite being homosexual, gains further understanding or development of his sexual identity. He proposed a marriage to Jo, taking full responsibility of the child she is rig something which is really admirable for a homosexual.            The reappearance of Jos mother in t heir lives stirred the peace, but Jo was already strong enough to defend herself and her new found family. She has greater ability to tell the things which she feels and thinks. Her ability to embrace causes with faith made her step up the ladder of adolescent development. When her mother volunteered to change their flat to the way she (Jos mother) likes, Im going to make it just the way you (referring to Jo, which is a form of irony) like it. Jo steps up and tells her Oh no She tells her that she likes their place the way it is right now. Somehow, Jos experiences and maturity emphatically honed her up to stand to challenges and cope with life.Works CitedDelaney, S. (1956). A Taste of Honey. invigorated York Grove Press.

Comparing ‘The Crucible’ with ‘Macbeth’ Essay

My practical work in November 2002 was for option 2. it was a piece of indite performance and was based on the theme of witches and the sorcerous. My contribution to the performance was a character called Marry Warren. I had to help a character called trick Proctor this is be drive Marry Warren is trying to get out of the root of girls. Marry Warren then betrays John Procter and joins the group of girls again, because of Abigail was making a fool out of Marry Warren.To help me in my work, I looked for selective information in the video. I also read a play called Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare. Macbeth was set in Scotland in the seventeenth centaury. The system of giving medication at the time was that of a monarchy in which the king makes the laws and punishes peck. The community would fleck for the king. The culture at that time was one is which wad believed in witches and the supernatural. Witches were seen as prophets, they were powerful symbols for sol diers.However, The melting pot was set in Salem, Massachusetts, USA in the 17th centaury. The system of government at the time was that of theocracy in which people believed in the bible and followed it. Judges were called into decide punishments. Anyone accused of heretical beliefs could be punished. At that time people believed the devil could pass anyone and cause him or her to set up or do anything.The genre for Macbeth is gothic tragedy. The theme for the play is supernatural, deceiving appearances and prophecy. The supernatural was that the witches are more what we expect, conventional during those times. Sources of information did non shock Macbeth as we expected. The deceiving appearances of witches were the first main incident. The witches were trying to manipulate Macbeth. The prophecy of the play suggests people looking for signs to guide them.On the other hand, the genre for The Crucible is a historical fiction melodrama. The theme for The Crucible is deception, supern atural and hysteria. The deception in The Crucible is that there were no actual witches which added to the hysteria. Supernatural in The Crucible was that witches were seen as people working with the devil also the town people are afraid of what witches symbolised. The hysteria in The Crucible was once accusations began people feared devil had arrived. This meant their right were ignored in order to find the cause of problem.The performance style for Macbeth is partly classical. Macbeth is a war hero up to now suddenly loves having powers. Facial expressions and body movement were very important. Elizabethian theatre did not have any dramatic lighting or sound effects. consequently much of the acting and events are exaggerated. However, The Crucible performance style is classical. As the genre is mellow drama, the acting has to be exaggerated to capture the hysteria. In The Crucible Abigail dramatically changes her acting style to meet her needs. Abigail often makes have how she feels or over exaggerated her movement to make her aim clear.

Leadership in “Norma Rae” Essay

Norma Rae is a film based on a true story set in a gray factory- township. The gentle character and fellow mill progress toers start a contrastingiate of the Textile Workers Union of America through the use of leadership. The two characters of Norma Rae and Reuben Warshofsky mix their talents to em potence and lead the wad of the mill from downtrodden organiseers to proactive union members. When Rueben front comes upon the town, he finds the managers of the mill oppressive to their workers. People have no rights. They pass small wages. They work long hours. Rueben starts the revolution for the mill workers by stir Norma Rae through Superleadership. Norma Rae in turn empowers and touch offs the mill workers to attain their common remainder a union.Superleadership occurs when a leader leads others to lead themselves. Superleadership is appropriate for Reuben Warshofsky be trend it applies well to organizational leaders. Reuben is a representative of the Textile Workers Union of America. He came to Norma Raes town to start a union at her mill. For his job to succeed, Reuben needs to be cap competent to start the call for union, and leave the area confident that the cause is in good hands. Superleadership is designed to facilitate the leader within all(prenominal) individual. A leader who exercises Superleadership is non necessarily a charismatic leader. He may have a set vision and great disquisition skills, that he does non lead to be attach toed or obeyed. He leads so that others burn lead themselves and better themselves in the process. Superleadership maximizes the human resources of an organization. In the case of Norma Rae, it maximized Normas ability to have a voice.In Superleadership, the power is shared. While Reuben started the union movement, he shared a mutual right with Norma Rae once she was up to speed. Followers lead because they want to. They have a stake in what they do. They believe their actions are for a greater cause. A Superleader break outs self-leadership through compensation and constructive reprimand. He fosters an environs where slew nookie be free to explore their abilities and gain confidence in what they find. This environment is essential to Superleadership. Only in an open environment offer this subject of leadership employ the potency and knowledge of the followers. It is the duty of the Superleader to help develop a groups skills once power is divided among the followers.Self-leadership can be learned through Superleadership. People are non natural to lead. They need not be educated to be motivated or to learn. A Superleader provides a self-leader with direction. He orientates the person with the situation and helps explore the talents and skills necessity to get the job done.Reuben Warshofsky practices Superleadership on Norma Rae. He is a labor organizer looking for aid in a town that is ignorant of unions. The start-off person he meets is Norma Rae. She is a thirty- one year-old working-class mother of three. She is naughtily educated and sacking nowhere fast. Her two children were by two different men. Only at the beginning of the movie does she brake off her birth with a married man. Men oppress her in her life. Her bosses at work oppress her. They care not for her mother when she goes deaf. They reject every test Norma Rae makes to improve working conditions. She is a woman battered by life, tho in a higher place it all she reveals an acute understanding of the world. You lie with dogs, you get fleas. She tells this to Reuben on their second meeting shortly subsequently the married man slapped her. Reuben sees this sparkle of life in her and offers her hope when he says, I think youre to smart for whats happening to you.Reuben eventually leads Norma to self-leadership. Reuben tells Norma Rae the way things could be at the mill and she is inspired. He explains that the textile industry is the only industry not unionized. Reuben says t o people at the first church meeting that things will not change, not unless you make it happen. Reuben encourages the people to join him and share in the determination to unionize the mill. Norma Rae is the only one who accepts the challenge at first. Reuben gives Norma a voice. He teaches her how to fight for a union. She starts by signing a union card. She because wears a union button and hands out others. The woman forward was pushed around and uneducated. Now she is typing documents, making copies, and cold-calling her fellow workers all for the interest of the union. Reubens Superleadership extends to things outside of the union. She begins to read Dylan Thomas. She allows blacks and whites to visit her home together. Norma makes her own decisions.Her priest insults her when he will not allow a bi-racial meeting and without delay, leaves the church. When her unfermented husband is upset with her time-consuming work, she yells back at him, and he see her for it. Norm a Rae no longer allows people to push her around. Her bosses at work continually try to make her quit they make attempts at character character assassination they work her father literally to death through it all Norma Rae perseveres. The counsel posted a sign on the bulletin board to anger anti-union sentiment. They try to stop her from copying it and she responds, I started it, Im going to finish it Norma Rae shows her self-leadership by facing the managers of the mill. She serves a higher purpose that they cannot defeat. She evolved as a person through Reubens guidance. When times were tense, he was thither to cheering her or to sit her down and chew her out. She was arrested soon after she copied the bulletin board and she was in tears. Reuben explained to her that she had just a taste of what was to come. He prepared her for the battle, and gave her the skills to fight it herself.The path proves to be an uphill battle, yet Norma Rae is able to encourage and motivate her foll owers at the mill. She bears pressure from management, resentment from mill workers and suspicion from her husband, but she stays true to her goal. She motivated people employ situational approaches. She changed certain aspects of the situation in order to fit the needs of the followers. Her operator of motivation were great and diverse, but it fit best under the title of the operant approach. The operant approach modifies observes and punishments based on observable behavior. If individuals direction, intensity, or persistence needs to be changed, a reward or punishment is de populatered. In the case of Norma Rae, if someone aids the union, they can imagine a brighter future. If someone denies unionization of the mill, they will continue to work long hours for subsistence pay. Norma Rae has her own system of rewards and punishments. She knows the workers at her mill. She speaks to them as a friend, a friend who knows about them personally.Her reward can be a compliment or a que stion about a loved one. through with(predicate) Reuben she developed the ability to influence people by means of flattery. She compels people to volunteer their time for the union movement so that their children can live a better life than they do. Norma knows what makes people tick and she uses this knowledge to motivate the people to her cause. When her father dies at the mill, he becomes a modern-day sick person to rally around in hopes of a brighter future. The mill workers follow Norma Rae not because she is a saint they know of her quick temper and sexual history. They follow her because she is passionate about her cause.The more confident Norma becomes in her role, the more she embodies her cause. She does not pretend to be anyone but herself, but she holds the union to higher standards. She is able to command the allegiance of her peers and yet remain equal to them. Her passion is what compels them to follow. In the end she gives them their greatest reward they become a union. She resignd her joband closely her marriageto bring her goal to fruition. The union debate came down to a vote, 427 to 373 in favor of a union. This close ballot likely gained the pointless needed votes due to Normas most memorable moment of self-leadership and motivation.In the climax of the movie, Norma Rae scrawls union onto a board and climbs upon a table. The sign is held above her head for three long minutes. She stands on the table willing to sacrifice everything she has for the sake of the union. She stands on the table holding up a member that is a promise for a better life. On the table, scared but determined, she inspires her co-workers. One by one they turn off their machines. A traumatise that one moment was a whir of noises and movement is reduced to a deafening silence. Norma demonstrates the power an individual can have to motivate people when they believe so fully in their cause.Norma Rae is a wonderful mannikin of Superleadership and the motivation techniques of a leader. The journey of the mill starts with Reuben Warshofsky and his affect on Norma Rae. She in turn gains self-leadership and is able to use it to motivate her peers to unionize. It is leadership from the bottom up. It is an pattern of the fortitude of individuals when they are able to channel their power and organize change. It is an example of the change that can be made when backed by the strength of many able followers.

Kevin Van Dam

Kevin vanguard unlessch is a lord sea sea basso angler. Kevin has evermore had a love for fishing, but did not start fishing professionally until 1990. Kevin Van Dam may not be a dwelling name to close people, but anyone who enjoys bass fishing has heard of him. mystifying fishing is my passion and I look up to Kevin Van Dam, as he is the best in the world in this era of bass fishing. Kevin Van Dam was born on October 14, 1967 in Kalamazoo, Michigan.Growing up in Michigan gave Kevin the chance to fish a ken of different lakes and rivers for a variety of species of fish including trout, salmon, muskies, walleyes, and northern pike. You can learn a lot by fishing different species in the diverse variety of lakes and rivers we keep up in Michigan, Kevin once said when asked about fishing in his childhood. Kevin love to fish and was in the perfect environment to hone his skills. Although he fished for legion(predicate) species of fish, bass fishing was his favorite.Kevin do minated the tournament circuits, winning the Michigan basso Anglers Sportsman Society Angler of the Year twice before divergence pro. Kevin graduated from Otsege High School, and married his high school sweetheart Sherry. Kevin and Sherry colonised in their home town of Kalamazoo, and continue to live there immediately with there twin boys, Jackson and Nicholas. Kevin is a devoted dad and enjoys pickings his children fishing and deer hunting. Kevin worked various jobs until deciding to become a professional bass angler at the age of twenty dollar bill three.Kevin began one of the most successful bass fishing careers ever under shadows of doubt, that he was going away pro too young. He soon proved all that doubted his abilities harm by winning the Toyota Tundra Angler of the Year, and was the youngest ever to win this prestiges title. Kevin also won the Bass Anglers Sportsman Society Angler of the Year title at age twenty five. The Bassmaster simple is the highest regarded titl e in professional bass fishing, to qualify for the Bassmaster classic you must go through a serial of tournaments fished by the toughest anglers in the world.Van Dam has qualified for twenty consecutive Bassmaster classics since 1991, this is the durable running qualification streak in history. He has won the Bassmaster classic three propagation in 2001, 2005, and 2010. Kevin has fished in two hundred and twenty one Bassmaster events, he has won nineteen, finished second eleven times and finished in the top ten ninety times. Kevin Van Dam is a serious force to be reckoned with in the professional bass fishing world, and is simply nicknamed KVD.He has become a ambassador for the sport as it has grown in public attention, and is now featured on ESPN. Van Dam was awarded the first ever ESPN Outdoor Sportsman of the Year in 2002. KVD was grateful to receive this award, since it was not about his lifetime records which are amazing, but his promotion of the sport. Kevin Van Dam in my o pinion and many others is the superior Angler to pass threw the professional world of bass fishing any(prenominal) may not admit it, but statistically this is true(p). Kevin is a true role model for young bass anglers today.

Are cell Phones a Health Hazard?

Are cadre Ph cardinals a health Hazard? With the increasing of officious head prognosticates functions, pile rely much and more on them. The lower price in addition enables the diligent call back to run good deals fooling necessity. Now even many students pass water their aver unsettled phone. People began to worry or so the cadre phone which leave behind do harm to our health. But why nation become worried about that? There atomic number 18 some speculates that carrellular phone phone might emfly threaten man beings health. Mobile phones potbelly emit radiofrequency cipher (radio waves), which is comprise by non-ionizing radiation.Things c escapest to the carrel phones volition absorb this energy. According to the cellular Telecommunications and Internet Association, as of 2010, there were more than 303 million subscribers to mobile phone service in the United States, which is closely three measures than the one hundred ten million workrs in 2000. Globally, the number of mobile phone subscriptions is estimated to be 5 billion by the International Telecommunications Union. The number of mobile subscriptions has already increase quickly.(Cell Phones and crab louse Risk, 2012)The chart below (Chart 1) shows the number of mobile Internet users, including the forecasting of the number in 2013. Over time, the amount of time of each phone call, as well as the number of pile using the mobile phone has increased. Mobile phone technology has besides had a actually big change. Chart 1 Chart1 US moblie Internet users & penertration, 2008-2013 (millions and % mobile phone subscriers) To my instruction of thinking, cell phones provide really see a health post. RF is a potential threat to human be.Radiofrequency energy (RF) is a form of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation rouse be defined into two types ionizing (e. g. , x-rays, radon, and cosmic rays) and non-ionizing (e. g. , radiofrequency and extremely lo w-frequency or power frequency). (Cell Phones and Cancer Risk, 2012) As we know, all of the creatures and plants, including humans, ar exposed to ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation during the totally period of evolution. So youthly the society began to worry about the potential harm of RF from cell phones which whitethorn cause mindset can buoycer.A serial publication of studies began to get word at the relationship between cell phone employment and brain tumors. If cell phone will bring a detrimental effect was a controversial topic, and the opinions on this topic be extremely different. Some mess hold that cell phones atomic number 18 nothing to do with the health riddles, since the non-ionizing radiation from cell phones is typically unattackable to the human body. A low direct of radiofrequency energy is a kind of non-ionizing radiation, and it is different from amply levels of radiofrequency energy that produces negative health effects by heating tis sue.(Radiation-Emitting Products, 2012) Therefore, it can say people exposed to low level RF which does not heat tissues in human body are not obligatory to worry about with cell phones. Although low level RF is safe doesnt mean that the potential damages do not exist. Firstly, our brain is able to absorb the electromagnetic radiation at radio frequencies that emitted by mobile phones, so if we use mobile phones for a long time, which will increase the hazard of brain cancer to a great extent. So this is a long-term effect. Secondly, cell phones are becoming more advanced, and the interior structure of cell phones has had a great change.Cell phones obligate come to our daily life with more functions, which may have unknown effects. A recent study showed that when people employ a cell phone for 50 minutes, brain tissues on the same side of the head metabolized more glucose than that on the opposite side of the brain. (Cell Phones and Cancer Risk, 2012) It means that using cell ph ones can change some tissues of human body, although the outcomes have not been deemed good or not. Another negative effect is that public lecture through cell phones when drive will increase the risk of traffic accidents.There were nearly 80 million people who own cell phones, and surveys indicated that 85 percent of these owners use phones objet dart driving. (Williams & Analyst, 2002) According to the journals publisher, the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, there are 2,600 deaths and 330,000 injuries in the United States e real year because of mobile phone distraction. (Britt, 2005) Drivers talking on cell phones will have their attention distracted. As a event of fact that only 80% of their attention can be compensable when they are talking to somebody. And speaking requires more attention than listening.In a conversation, if a driver is more eager to talk to others than to listen, the greater the distraction he has. It is said that drivers use cell phones when they are driving just look exclusively dont see. There were two different experiments associated with prof of psychology Dr. Amit Almor. (Science Daily, 2008) One experiment contracted the participants to test the visual do work on a monitor, and the second experiment required participants to do a visual task sequence listening to a story that had been prerecord and then the participants were required to tell their feeling about this story.In the end, the attention level of these participants had been measured. People found that they were four times more distracted when people were speaking than when they were listening. It came to a conclusion that speaking demands more brains resources than listening. People are apply to communicating face-to- face, so if they were talking while driving, they will imagine the conversation in their brain, and they have to try to conceive what they have been talking and how to respond in a dear position. perceive loss is also a big health hazard .People who use cell phones for more than one year acquire audience loss problems, consort to research presented at the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundations one-year Meeting & OTO EXPO in Washington, DC. Otherwise, the study found that people who employ mobile phones more than one hour a twenty-four hours were more likely to suffer from hearing problems. (Robert, 2007) Obviously, long-term use of cell phones will have a great impact on hearing, which is in general a negative impact. Using cell phones too long may damage our inner ear and bring about a graduate(prenominal) frequency hearing loss.High frequency hearing loss means that people may feel difficult to hear consonants such as s, f, t, and z, exclusively they can hear vowels generally. Therefore, although people can hear muffled sounds, they inefficient to figure out what people exactly say. Not just talking too much through cell phones may cause hearing loss, but listening to hig h-pitched decibel medicament is also producing a big damage to hearing. People now would like listening music with their phones wherever they go, such as in the train, because it is very noisy when victorious a train, so people ever prefer listening to high decibel music that they can enjoy the clearer music.If some symptoms such as ear ringing, ear warmth, and the ear fullness have arose, which are sample signs that your hearing is in danger. What are the reasons these symptoms have occurred. The possible cause is the electric-magnetic-frequencies, which emit a magnetic field greater than 3 milli-gauss from many cell phones.The Environmental Protection Agency has announced that electric-magnetic-frequencies greater than 3 milli-gauss may do harm to human health. (Robert, 2007) Naresh K. Panda, MS, DNB, chairman of the department of ear, nose, and throat at the Post Graduate Institute ofMedical Education and Research in Chandigarh, India, and researcher for a study. He and his c olleagues performed experiment. They texted 100 people, at the age of 18 to 45, who had used cell phones for at least one year, and according to aloofness of use, they divided this people into 3 groups. One group had 35 people, who had used cell phones for one to two eld, and another group of 35 had used cell phones for two to four years, and the final 30 people had used them for more than four years.Those who used the mobile phones for more than four years suffered a greater degree of hearing loss in their right ear, the ear a lot listens through the phone, than those who used the mobile phone for one to two years. (Doheny, 2007) As well, using cell phones too long will hurt our lookight. Numbers of people use cell phones every twenty-four hour period. We can do many things on our cell phones sending text messages, discipline emails, surfing the web, and even finding the driving directions. Its so tremendous that we can do all of this work just in a device which can be held in one hand.However, lots of problems are coming with this convenience. Reading such the really small text on the phones will cause problems. Not only for the tiny letters in such a small screen, but also people have become accustomed to holding the phone closer to their face than they need to. Reading from your phone forces your eyes to focus in a way which is much different than before when people usually read from paper. It is also harmful with your eyes vergence, which is the simultaneous movement of both eyes in opposite directions to obtain or maintain single binocular vision.Although your eyes are designed to adapt to the circumstances more easily, many people have become accustomed to recital from their cell phones all day long. In the long term, not only can this habit lead to troubles, but also eyestrain, dry eyes, and blurred vision. According to Dr. Jeffrey Hankin, an optometrist, people are pulling their smart phone four inches closer than normal reading distance coul d cause problems. (NBC25 News, 2011) This is always accompanied by a headache while people just feel tired and maybe have a little difficulty on focusing.Sometimes the blink rate will slow down and the eyes are dry. These symptoms cannot be ignored. It is saying that your beholding is becoming weaker. How cell phones damage our eyesight? We are in the surroundings full of radiation and electrical signals , at the same time, human body was being attacked by hundreds of signals every second. It is affecting all our body parts, but we have not aware of it yet. The wavelength of wireless signals (which is about 2 to 2. 5 cm) used for mobile phones and other wireless terminals matches with that received by the human eye.The dielectric constant (absorption capacity) of eye tissues is around 70 which is greater than bingle (above 50). This means that the eye can absorb electromagnetic energy very quickly, explains Dwivedi. (Cell phones can damage eyes, 2010) So it comes out a conclusion that the problem is not the energy absorbs by the eye, but the heat from the energy draped by the eye cannot get transmitted out of the body. Moreover, cell phones have a strong relationship with human mental health. People always take cell phone with them all the time, no matter where they go.They assume games, listen to music, watch videos, and chat with friends. It seems like that we cant live without cell phones, particularly children. More and more children at 12 and 13 ages have their own cell phones. Those children who are addicted to cell phones spend most of time on their phones, like talking, texting or playing games. Their parents are beginning to be concerned that the children are unable to do some normal activities without their phones. They often skip classes and lie to relatives to get more money to buy phone cards.It these situations, cell phones are just like the drugs which make the children gradually lose themselves. Whats more, lots of students even play cell phones during class. While teachers are speaking in front of students, students are texting or playing games in their seat even without any covers. The other mental problem is that cell phone is tending to cause depression and sleep problems in young people now. Young people who use cell phones heavily also complain more about sleeping problems, pressures and other mental health problems, according to researchers at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden.(Pedersen, 2012) Researchers made a questionnaire survey towards 4,100 young adults at the ages of 20 to24 and interviewed 32 heavy users of information and communication technology. The findings interpret that the use of mobile phone has a close relationship with pressure, depressive symptoms and sleeping disorders. The researchers could not be sure of the origin causes, but what we can speculate is that people with depression or sleep problems perhaps get access to cell phones more than others. Here is more other evidence. The Univ ersity of Tokyos researchers investigated nearly 18,000 young people in in high school in Japan.In order to estimate their depression, anxiety and even thoughts about suicide, the participants were required to firmness of purpose some specific questions. Participants also reported how often they spoke on their cellphones or sent emails after going to bed and how many hours they slept at night. The findings tell us that children in different countries with different cultures have mistakable problems are related to similar reasons. As a whole, cell phones are closely integrated cell phones into our lives, yet they have health hazard for our daily lives. We should use them in a proper way.

Identity Research Paper Essay

Malcolm Rivers from the video personal identity operator has been diagnosed as a ment solelyy ill patient with divisible indistinguishability Disorder. This turnover is basic every(prenominal)y a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal) name for a ten-fold spirit unhinge. The disease is usually caused by pure(a) trauma, emotional or physiological, that causes pile to do multiple mortalalities so that they stub weed with certain situations. They usually break the inability to recall important information and charter blackouts. Lastly, they gain confusion of person-to-person individuality for an guess of a new identity. The patient, Malcolm Rivers has committed some(prenominal) vicious murders and is waiting for execution. at that place is a journal that Rivers has apologizeing why he authentically committed the murders of all these flock at a motel.His psychiatrist, Doctor Malick, tries to explain to the Judge who wants to tolerate Rivers executed that he wasnt amenable for the murders. The argument Dr. Malick make for it not being Malcolm Rivers fault is that it was iodine of his personalities because in his journal he has written down personal and private suasions of several different great deal, which is a symptom of dissociative individualism Disorder. Doctor Malick took Malcolm Rivers in bowel movement of the Judge and started questioning him to prove that he has multiple personalities. When he was questioning him though, he wasnt Malcolm Rivers he was Ed, the limo driver from the motel that every hotshot was stingting murdered at.Ed keeps having these blackouts and this i blackout led him into the motor inn with Malick and the justness. Ed tells them what was happening at the motel and how it was freaky that everyone was getting murdered and bodies were disappearing. In repartee to Malcolm Rivers or Eds story, Malick tells Ed near how he is really Malcolm Rivers. Rivers traumatic childhood has a strong arrange on him, which made his constitution interrupt into different personalities. He remembers his mom as being promiscuous depending on whom she brought kinfolk he may excessively have been beaten as a child, and the illness is caused by both mental and physical trauma.Ed found this really confusing, so Malick gave him a mirror that way he realized that he was just another personality. Malick also made another assumption that Ed and all the other nation at the motel had the said(prenominal) birthdays. He told Ed that one of his fellow personalities is the one responsible for the murders, so once that personality dies, Malcolm Rivers wont have to executed because he will be harmless. Ed thought that he finally identified the personality responsible for all of the murders.When he seek to kill it, both the personality and Ed die at the motel. Malick convinced the judge that the homicide identity is dead and Rivers should be harmless. Rivers was allow saturnine the execution and put into a mental asylum. Little did he eff he in reality killed the wrong personality, it was really Timmy, a little boy, the murdered everyone and even out up their deaths. In Rivers head it showed Timmy was the one always watch the deaths of everyone, but he was so quiet no one suspected him. Timmys personality in the end dominated Rivers body and strangles Malick that crashes the hand truck going to the mental asylum.There argon both cocksure and negative messages the plastic film unwraps the usual about people with this malady. sensation negative message it put forward give off is the impression that people with this disorder atomic numeral 18 unreliable murders, not all people with multiple personalities be dangerous or destructive. There are actually only a few cases that people with multiple personalities have criminal behavior. some other negative message is that it shows criminals can get away with a crime and be let off an execution if you have multiple personalitie s, a criminal does not get out of it that easily, they need to go through a long adjoin of multiple professional physicians to prove they are criminally insane. Lastly, the personality ended up dominating Malcolm Rivers body in the end, so it can give off the idea to the public that this disorder can not be cured when it can. There are also positive messages that the motion-picture show gives off to the public that watches it.For one, it successfully shows the symptoms of a person with dissociative identity disorder. It can also give people a correct idea that if they suspect someone they screw has this disorder you should get them to keep a diary to get down their personal thoughts so you can tell if they have it. Lastly, it shows that having a traumatic childhood can affect a person. That is a positive message because it can make people want to be better parents to their children by and by seeing what a bad childhood can do to someone.The journal clause on dissociative ident ity disorder shows the four dominant approaches to understanding the disorder childhood trauma and media influences. The posttraumatic model of dissociative identity disorder shows that the disorder is a defensive response that results naturally from constant and tremendous childhood trauma, particularly from physical and sexual abuse. Children experiencing this trauma dissociate their perturbing experiences and repress the memories of those experiences. This section of the article relates to the ikon because his mom was promiscuous, so Malcolm most(prenominal) likely wanted to repress the memories from that judgment of conviction of his life.Another approach to understanding why people have this disorder would be media influences. There was an increased in the number of reported causes of dissociative identity disorder shown when the growth of popular books and movies about patients with multiple personalities. The movie itself did not have both media influences that made Malc olm Rivers have multiple personalities. However, the movie can give off a negative reaction to the public watching it because there might be more(prenominal) cases of dissociative identity disorder.In conclusion, Malcolm Rivers should be diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder from all the symptoms he has shown in the movie. The movie Identity is a great movie to watch, if someone wanted to attain more about the disorder or see an practice of how a person diagnosed with dissociative identity acts. The journal article was also a good source because it backed-up one of the master(prenominal) causes of the disorder in the movie. Over all, the movie sends a good message to the public viewing it because the viewer can learn a lot about what causes the disorder, the symptoms of it, and they can be entertained at the same time.Traub, C. M. (2009). Defending a diagnostic castaway validating the categorisation of Dissociative Identity Disorder. South African Journal of psychologic al science, 39(3), 347-356. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.Cusack, J. (Actor). (2003). Identity Motion picture. USA Sony Pictures.Nevid, J. S., Rathus, S. A., & Greene, B. (2008). Abnormal Psychology in a Changing solid ground (Seven ed., pp. 1-630). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson education Inc.