How Successful Were Immigration Schemes in the British, French and Spanish Territories

How triple-crown were in-migration final causes in the British, French and Spanish territories? After the emancipation of the slaves, it was very difficult for planters to fix a successful labor force. There were not enough concourse to work on the plantations and besides planters found it difficult to control their rest labor. As a result planters were at a loss. Immigration was introduced in the hope of fixing the labor problems of the planters. Although some colonies flourished, others failed horribly. There were three principal(prenominal) territories in that era. The British territorial dominion utilize many projects.They used the European, Portuguese, African, Chinese and Indian organizations. First was the European system. European labor was effected in general by the British colony Jamaica in order to increase its albu hands population as well as providing plantation labor at the same time. Robert Greenwood and Shirley Hamber state that between 1834 and 1838 , thousands of Scots, Irish and a few cardinal Germans came to Jamaica. However that proposal failed trem displaceously as most Europeans died because the lacked immunity to tropical diseases and others refused to work when they saw what they had to do and understood that it was the work of blacks.Even so, the Jamaican giving medication tried this scheme again in 1841, importing more whites from Britain. tho again, the scheme failed as most Europeans died n others asked to be repatriated. Finally the political relations were persuade that labor from northern Europe was a hopeless prospect. Secondly, the British territory used the Madeiran scheme. It began in Madeira which is a Portuguese island in the Atlantic murder the coast of morocco. Greenwood and Hamber state that these laborers were paid 3 to 4 pence a solar day and were attracted to higher wages and prospects in the air jacket Indies. The importations of the Mandeiran people began in 1835, exactly were suspended in 1839 because the British government was examining the conduct and morality of the schemes. The scheme began again in 1841 on an official basis where full-grown numbers pool went to British Guiana until 1848 when the scheme was suspended again. It resumed in 1850 but not on a large scale. Mandeiran in-migration outliveed from 1835-1882 with a total of 36,000 immigrants to the B. W. I. It was an unsatisfactory scheme as it was irregular, it had a high death-rate of new arrivals and most Mandeirans especially in British Guiana went into trading as soon as possible.Thirdly was the African immigration scheme. In 1841, importation of Africans from Sierra Leone, the Kru coast, St. Helena and those rescued from slave commits began. The scheme lasted from 1841-1862. It was very popular at first but declined after the 1850s mainly for two reasons. The first reason was because chartered ships were used to carry the emigrants from Africa which make them think it was slavery all over aga in. The second reason was because the agents in West Africa undoubtedly lured the Africans with false promises of money and land.As soon as intelligence information of the conditions of the West Indies leaked back, it was hard to attract the Africans. Fourthly was the Chinese immigration scheme. At first it was difficult to attract Chinese immigrants to the B. W. I. for example when Trinidad attempted to import some Chinese, few arrived and they either refused to work or were unsuitable. A large scale of Chinese immigration began in 1852 from the Portuguese colony of Macao. These immigrants were only male convicts or prisoners of war. Therefore in 1859 a family immigration scheme was started.By having Chinese women immigrants less jealousy arose on the plantations. This scheme was more successful however, there was deception caused by agents in false promises about repatriation and besides the nature of work. yet, Chinese immigrants were small farmers and market gardeners, not pl antation workers. This scheme suffered many problems for example since china was not a British colony, the British government could only try to persuade the Chinese government to lead emigration. Finally was the Indian immigration scheme.The course 1838 was the arrival date of Indians to the B. W. I however, it was suspended by the Indian government in the same year because of ill-treatment of the Indians and in any case Indians were not being paid the promised wages. This scheme resumed in 1844 and lasted until 1917. This scheme was generally successful through with(predicate)out the B. W. I because Indians were a cheap parentage of labor and were able to adapt to plantation life well. The French also tried to meet their labor needs. They used the immigration schemes of Regional, Europeans and Indian.First they tried regional immigration. Rosamunde Renard shared the view that among the first immigrant workers introduced in Guadeloupe were those brought from the British West I ndies (B. W. I). Approximately, they imported eighty Madeiran and seventy blacks from the British colonies. However, this immigration attempt was failed because that was a bad set of laborers. They also tried the European immigration scheme. Rosamunde Renard states that the regulator general of Martinique allocated a fund of 100,000 francs to facilitate European immigration to the colonies. The government prepared themselves to support European immigration at the rate of 250 francs per self-aggrandising and 150 francs per child. Even so, this scheme was not successful at the end because Europeans contract diseases easily and planters grappled that they were not fit for plantation work. Contrary to that, planters argued that European immigration had two positive effects it brought the native workers back to the plantations and also brought down wages. Finally they tried Indian immigration schemes.Indians were a intelligent source of labor and Martinique and Guadeloupe showed high demands for this scheme. However the French were faced with problems. Since Indians were controlled through the British it was difficult acquire such a labor force. Moreover French planters argued that priority was always given to the British recruiters and they got inferior immigrant laborers. It was also argued that Indian immigration was seen as a vital part to the retrieval of the French West Indies. The final territory was that of the Spanish.They used the African, Chinese, European immigration scheme. First was the African scheme. It was a source of in high-ticket(prenominal) labor. However, this scheme was through with(p) illegally because they used slaves. They sent illegal Africans to Havana. This scheme did not last long. Africans grew resistant to work. Moreover, they used the Chinese immigration scheme. One can argue that this is what they are most notorious for. Chinese immigration was another source of cheap labor. The first Chinese contract workers were brought to Cu ba in June, 1847.After the group arrived, the scheme was suspended for six days due to international prospects and other difficulties. bloody shame Turner states that between 1847 and 1874, a period conceding with 10 years of the transatlantic slave trade, 125,000 Chinese were landed in Cuba. Their contracts were offered for sale. Chinese workers were contracted for eight years for about four (4) pesos a month for men and three (3) pesos a month for women. Even so, the scheme failed because the laborers were un-disciplined because of desertion and absenteeism.Furthermore they used the European immigration scheme. Lucia Lamounier states that white immigration was first sought mainly to counteract the growing black slave population. There were expectations that Europeans settlers were to become industrious, sovereign small landholders, providing a racial balance and political stability. However, the European immigrants were expensive and were unsuitable for plantation work. When Eu ropeans noticed that methods used on plantations were like that of slavery, they refused to work. As a result this scheme was unsuccessful.In conclusion the immigration schemes used by all three territories was not entirely successful because not each scheme for each territory occurred without having any serious problems in which the planters could reimburse easily from. As a result, immigration was successful to a certain(a) extent. Bibliography Hilary Beckles, Verone Shepherd, Caribbean freedom economy and hostelry from emancipation from the past to present, London J Curry publishers1993 Robert Greenwood, Shirley Hamber, emancipation to emigration book 2, Macmillan publishers limited 2003.Lucia Lamounier- Between slavery and Free labor Early experiments with free labor and Patterns of Slave emancipation in Brazil and Cuba In Mary turner (Ed) From Chattel slaves to wage Slaves the Dynamics of labor bargaining in the Americas. Rosamunde Renard Immigration and the indenture s hip in the French West Indies, 1848-1870 In Hilary Beckles, Verone Shepherd, Caribbean freedom economy and society from emancipation from the past to present, London J Curry publishers1993