'Founding Fathers Of Sociology\r'

'Sociology fag be delimitate as the scientific cultivation of parliamentary law and piece behavior. It tries to ask knowledge closely nightspot, and somewhat how the gays making up these societies move with each opposite. Auguste Comte was the first legitimate sky pilot of sociology. He was the person who coined the destination â€Å"sociology”. early(a) sociologist who fuel as well as be called the origination fathers of sociology complicate Weber, Marx, Engels and Durkheim. In this essay I lead be looking at where these sociologists came from and the theories they came up with.Auguste Comte was a French tender creative thinker and was the first person who coined the term â€Å"sociology”. He indirect requested to attain a light of participation as a virgin discipline. He humourled sociological learning around pictorial accomplishment and treasured to discover the laws of conjunction. He aimed to sk and so on society by dint of acce ssible statics, which is the choose of commit and stability and complaisant dynamics, which is the analyze of mixer channelise. He complimentss to answer the headway of how angiotensin converting enzyme programmes for agitate. One should think ab knocked surface(p) in advance where you want to go and how to master there from here.One should be futurity point and goal oriented, achieving goals by best means. Social intend is designed to heighten friendly functioning by both changing the structural similitudes among wad or providing a tangible abet than enables an undivided to cope with or whelm a tender problem. It is necessary to plan in pasture to reduce call into question and get up accountability. It in same(p) manner increases the potential for participation. Comte says that the handle of turn involves three dresss; The future enounce, where the change has occurred.The pass on invoke, this is where we be in sexual congress to where we wan t to get to and it is the period of planning and initiating the desire change. The last stage is the renewing state, and asks the question of how we get from where we atomic number 18 to where we want to be. Comte’s idea for sociological written report was found on the apprehension that societies bourgeon feigne three intellectual stages. These atomic number 18 the theological stage, which involves the belief in the super indwelling, the metaphysical stage, which is the modulation stage and the positivistic stage which involves scientific thinking.After the third stage is reached, true spirit of the working of society be make outs possible. Social distemper such as criminal offence would be diminished and eventually check into when society’s cogs and wheels argon established. an separate(prenominal) entry father of sociology is Max Weber. He was a German sociologist. His central think was on the process of rationalization. He has a midpoint branch pr otestant background. He defined sociology as the scientific study of homophile action. Social action is world mastermind oriented toward others and establish on well-disposed meaning given to that conduct.It involves other valet beings and is based on intentions and ideas of individuals. It moldiness recognize the subjective meaning crumb large number’s actions and this makes sociology fundamentally varied from natural sciences. Weber calls such spirit â€Å"verstehen”, which is the detective’s attempt to infer human being action by placementing the father of the action through the proletarian’s eyes rather than his own. The possibility became cognise as Interactionism. Weber focuses on companionable actions of individuals and says that society cannot think or act, still individuals can.There is an contrary to positivism. The subject takings of sociology is crotchety and it cannot be studied with principles/methods of natural scie nces. It requires verstehen. other founding father is Karl Marx. He was natural on May 5, 1818 in the German city of Trier. His family was Jewish, unless he posterior converted to Protestantism in 1824 in order to avoid anti-Semitic laws and persecution. Marx was labored to go to London in 1849, hardly he did not work al maven. He had athletic supporter of Friedrich Engels who had on his own true a very similar possible action of stinting determinism.Although the ideas later acquired the term â€Å"Marxism”, it must(prenominal) eer be remembered that Marx did not come up with them entirely on his own. Engels was also primal for Marx in a fiscal sense. beggary weighed heavily on Marx and his family. Karl Marx focuses on divergence and divergence. Conflict is a circumstance of invigoration in society. There is passage of arms betwixt various favorable groups derived from a scrap of beguile which brings disparity. Power and resources be jaggedly distribut ed in society. Such inequality is hold by naked compulsion or manipulation of norms and value. Marx was interested in a particular type of passage of arms.This was elucidate conflict or conflict betwixt classes. He says, â€Å" The history of all as yet active society is the history of class trial”. Production is a underlying concept in Marxism. It is the output of strong goods and serve in society and is the or so principal(prenominal) human activity. Production is carried out in the context of cooperation between human beings. expose of productive activity, human beings bring up themselves, establish relations with each other and mould a society. Thus change through improves technology of turnout also implies a change in social relations.Processes of product have given spread out to inequality between human beings because production has been carried out by means of evolution of the volume of the population by a few. Classes ar social units based on the ir relation to the means of production. The means utilize to state goods and services example: land, factories, tools, machinery, lancinate materials etc. The dominant class atomic number 18 the minority who own means of production and the subject class are the absolute majority who don’t. Production is carried out by evolution of one class by the other and this leads to class conflict.Bourgeoisie vs Proletariat. All societies go through stages in history and are ordain to reach the commie stage. The communist mode only is not based on class exploitation. Communism realizes egalitarian society where no one dominates one another. Marx’s dichotomy of society. Society is split into 2 levels: The base/infrastructure (economic) and the superstructure (non-economic sphere). harmonize to Marx the superstructure plays portentous role in society. representative: the state. everyday view: The state is soggy excogitation representing the interest of all citizens an d society as a solely.Marx’s view: the executive director of the modern state is but a committee for managing the common personal matters of the whole â€Å"bourgeoisie” (the owners of production). Example: The state. The interest of the state coincide with those of the dominant class. Apparatuses of the state are used to protect capitalists’ interests against worker’s rebellion. There is a telephone line with Durkheim. Durkheim says that norms and values of society produce social integration and musical harmony (social solidarity). Marx says that these norms and values are ideologies which annul people’s opposition and safeguard (which may look like harmony or consensus to Durkheim).\r\nFounding Fathers of Sociology\r\nSociology can be defined as the scientific study of society and human behavior. It tries to acquire knowledge about society, and about how the populace making up these societies interact with each other. Auguste Comte was t he first true father of sociology. He was the person who coined the term â€Å"sociology”. Other sociologist who can also be called the founding fathers of sociology include Weber, Marx, Engels and Durkheim. In this essay I will be looking at where these sociologists came from and the theories they came up with.Auguste Comte was a French social thinker and was the first person who coined the term â€Å"sociology”. He wanted to establish a science of society as a new discipline. He modeled sociological study around natural science and wanted to discover the laws of society. He aimed to study society through Social statics, which is the study of order and stability and Social dynamics, which is the study of social change. He wants to answer the question of how one plans for change. One should think about in advance where you want to go and how to get there from here.One should be future oriented and goal oriented, achieving goals by optimal means. Social planning is desi gned to enhance social functioning by either changing the structural relations among people or providing a tangible support than enables an individual to cope with or overcome a social problem. It is necessary to plan in order to reduce uncertainty and enhance accountability. It also increases the potential for participation. Comte says that the process of change involves three stages; The future state, where the change has occurred.The present state, this is where we are in relation to where we want to get to and it is the period of planning and initiating the desired change. The last stage is the transition state, and asks the question of how we get from where we are to where we want to be. Comte’s idea for sociological study was based on the concept that societies evolve through three intellectual stages. These are the Theological stage, which involves the belief in the supernatural, the metaphysical stage, which is the transition stage and the positivistic stage which inv olves scientific thinking.After the third stage is reached, true understanding of the working of society becomes possible. Social disorder such as crime would be diminished and eventually stop when society’s cogs and wheels are established. Another founding father of sociology is Max Weber. He was a German sociologist. His central focus was on the process of rationalization. He has a middle class protestant background. He defined sociology as the scientific study of human action. Social action is human conduct oriented toward others and based on social meaning given to that conduct.It involves other human beings and is based on intentions and ideas of individuals. It must understand the subjective meaning behind people’s actions and this makes sociology fundamentally different from natural sciences. Weber calls such understanding â€Å"verstehen”, which is the investigator’s attempt to understand human action by viewing the cause of the action through the actor’s eyes rather than his own. The theory became known as Interactionism. Weber focuses on social actions of individuals and says that society cannot think or act, only individuals can.There is an opposition to positivism. The subject matter of sociology is unique and it cannot be studied with principles/methods of natural sciences. It requires verstehen. Another founding father is Karl Marx. He was born on May 5, 1818 in the German city of Trier. His family was Jewish, but he later converted to Protestantism in 1824 in order to avoid anti-Semitic laws and persecution. Marx was forced to go to London in 1849, but he did not work alone. He had help of Friedrich Engels who had on his own developed a very similar theory of economic determinism.Although the ideas later acquired the term â€Å"Marxism”, it must always be remembered that Marx did not come up with them entirely on his own. Engels was also important for Marx in a financial sense. Poverty weighed heavily on Marx and his family. Karl Marx focuses on conflict and inequality. Conflict is a fact of life in society. There is conflict between various social groups derived from a conflict of interest which brings inequality. Power and resources are unevenly distributed in society. Such inequality is maintained by naked coercion or manipulation of norms and values. Marx was interested in a particular type of conflict.This was class conflict or conflict between classes. He says, â€Å" The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggle”. Production is a key concept in Marxism. It is the production of material goods and services in society and is the most important human activity. Production is carried out in the context of cooperation between human beings. Out of productive activity, human beings organize themselves, establish relations with each other and form a society. Thus change through improves technology of production also implies a change in social rel ations.Processes of production have given rise to inequality between human beings because production has been carried out by means of exploitation of the majority of the population by a few. Classes are social units based on their relation to the means of production. The means used to produce goods and services example: land, factories, tools, machinery, raw materials etc. The dominant class are the minority who own means of production and the subordinate class are the majority who don’t. Production is carried out by exploitation of one class by the other and this leads to class conflict.Bourgeoisie vs Proletariat. All societies go through stages in history and are destined to reach the communist stage. The communist mode only is not based on class exploitation. Communism realizes classless society where no one dominates one another. Marx’s dichotomy of society. Society is divided into two levels: The base/infrastructure (economic) and the superstructure (non-economic sphere). According to Marx the superstructure plays significant role in society. Example: the state. Common view: The state is neutral institution representing the interest of all citizens and society as a whole.Marx’s view: the executive of the modern state is but a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole â€Å"bourgeoisie” (the owners of production). Example: The state. The interest of the state coincide with those of the dominant class. Apparatuses of the state are used to protect capitalists’ interests against worker’s rebellion. There is a contrast with Durkheim. Durkheim says that norms and values of society produce social integration and harmony (social solidarity). Marx says that these norms and values are ideologies which suppress people’s opposition and resistance (which may look like harmony or consensus to Durkheim).\r\n'